Chemical bonding questions | form five Chemistry

1. State the rules which govern the pairing of electrons in orbitals of an atom which is in ground state.
2. Give the name of a geometrical structure and one example of the molecule formed from the following hybridized atomic orbitals

1. hybridized orbitals
2. hybridized orbitals
3. hybridized orbitals

100. Calculate the energy associated with an electron moving in an orbital of principle quantum number n=2.

(a) In chemical bond formation , the ionization enthalpy and electron affinity are involved . Briefly describe how:

1. Ionic bond formation is favoured by ionization enthalpy and electron affinity.
2. Covalent bond formation is favoured by ionization enthalpy and electron affinity.

(b) Briefly describe the following phases. Give one example of a chemical structure for each :

1. Hydrogen bond
2. Coordinate covalent bond.

Differentiate:
(i) Electrovalent bond from octet rule.
(ii) Lone pair from bonding pair of electrons.

Using sketches, briefly explain three possible overlaps that can occur during sigma bond formation.

Give two reasons for the observed difference in bond strength between sigma and pi bonds in compounds.

Predict the geometry of ammonia, basing on the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
(VSEPR) theory.

Use the following chemical structures of ethane and ethene molecules to answer the questions that follow.

1. What are the hybridizations of carbon atoms in each compound?
2. Use well labeled diagrams to describe types of C-C bonds in each compound.
3. In ethane molecule , each C-H has a bond length of 1.09À and C-C has bond length of 1.54À. Briefly explain this observation.
4. The C-C double bond in ethane (bond length 1.34À) is shorter than C-C single bond in ethane (bond length 1.54À). Breifly explain this observation.

In chemical bond formation, the ionization enthalpy and electron affinity are involved. Briefly describe how:

1. Ionic bond formation is favoured by ionization enthalpy and electron affinity.
2. Covalent bond formation is favoured by ionization enthalpy and electron affinity.

Briefly describe the following phrases. Give one example of a chemical structure for each:

1. Hydrogen bond.
2. Coordinate covalent bond.

Classify the bonds in the following compounds as ionic, polar covalent or covalent.

1. HCl(g)
2. NaCl(s)
3. NCl₃
4. Methane
5. Tetrachloromethane
6. CO₂